1) Product functions:

Metal is use to deferent types of ways. Some of them are “to make cars, grill gates and machines, etc…”. we can easily have changed the metal into different shapes. Also, we use small metal rings as an eraser holder on top of the pencil.    

2) Specifications and why were they chosen:

The metal cylinder is termed a pencil ferrule and is conventionally made of, for example, brass or aluminum. The more widely used pencil ferrules are made from brass in view of their increased strength over the aluminum.                 

3) Treatment applied to the material and how does this affect structure and performance:

Metals are doing deferent treatments to protect the metal from rust. They are galvanized, paint the surface, etc.                   

4) Primary form of the material at the start of the processing:

Primary form of the materials uses to make pencil ferrules is iron, copper and zinc.                      

5) The full manufacturing operational route for the product commenting on why this route is used:

The basic ferrous metal form is pig iron. Pig iron is produced in a blast furnace that is charged with an iron ore, coke, and limestone.  

 The purpose of a blast furnace is to chemically reduce and physically convert iron oxides into liquid iron called "hot metal". The blast furnace is a huge, steel stack lined with refractory brick, where iron ore, coke and limestone are dumped into the top, and preheated air is blown into the bottom.                 

6) Comment on any testing, metrology, or quality processes that occur on the product:

Metal testing is a process or procedure used to check composition of an unknown metallic substance. Sum of them are Bend test, Hardness test, tensile test, Fatigue test, etc.                  

7) Any specific environmental issues that the product may undergo or need to perform within i.e. stress regimes, corrosive environment, elevated temperature, commenting on any material microstructural aspects that may need to be considered:

Main environmental issue is occurring on the aluminum ferrules is corrosive due to the humidity. Also in sea side these metals are corrosive more than in the normal environment. in order to avoid those issues, we can oxidize the aluminum ferrules. Further we can use anticorrosive courting on aluminum ferrules.                 

8) An alternative material / process combination that could be used for the part outlining any advantages that may be gained, particularly sustainability:

We can use galvanize steel to make pencil ferrules.